Orton Pyrometric Cone Temperature Chart — Celsius & Fahrenheit

Cone	Type	Slow Ramp (60°C/hr)	Medium Ramp (150°C/hr)	Fast Ramp (300°C/hr)	Common Use
Cone 022	Low-Fire	586 °C	1087 °F	600 °C	1112 °F	614 °C	1137 °F	Luster / decal firing
Cone 021	Low-Fire	600 °C	1112 °F	614 °C	1137 °F	628 °C	1162 °F	Overglaze decal
Cone 020	Low-Fire	625 °C	1157 °F	635 °C	1175 °F	650 °C	1202 °F	—
Cone 019	Low-Fire	668 °C	1234 °F	683 °C	1261 °F	698 °C	1288 °F	—
Cone 018	Low-Fire	717 °C	1323 °F	732 °C	1350 °F	752 °C	1386 °F	Glass fusing / luster
Cone 017	Low-Fire	747 °C	1377 °F	770 °C	1418 °F	792 °C	1458 °F	—
Cone 016	Low-Fire	775 °C	1427 °F	795 °C	1463 °F	816 °C	1501 °F	—
Cone 015	Low-Fire	795 °C	1463 °F	820 °C	1508 °F	843 °C	1549 °F	—
Cone 014	Low-Fire	830 °C	1526 °F	855 °C	1571 °F	878 °C	1612 °F	—
Cone 013	Low-Fire	850 °C	1562 °F	880 °C	1616 °F	902 °C	1656 °F	—
Cone 012	Low-Fire	875 °C	1607 °F	900 °C	1652 °F	922 °C	1692 °F	—
Cone 011	Low-Fire	890 °C	1634 °F	918 °C	1684 °F	940 °C	1724 °F	—
Cone 010	Low-Fire	894 °C	1641 °F	921 °C	1690 °F	945 °C	1733 °F	—
Cone 09	Low-Fire	923 °C	1693 °F	955 °C	1751 °F	980 °C	1796 °F	—
Cone 08	Low-Fire	942 °C	1728 °F	973 °C	1783 °F	998 °C	1828 °F	—
Cone 07	Low-Fire	970 °C	1778 °F	1002 °C	1836 °F	1025 °C	1877 °F	—
Cone 06	Low-Fire	999 °C	1830 °F	1011 °C	1852 °F	1031 °C	1888 °F	Standard earthenware / bisque
Cone 05	Low-Fire	1031 °C	1888 °F	1046 °C	1915 °F	1062 °C	1944 °F	Standard bisque
Cone 04	Low-Fire	1060 °C	1940 °F	1077 °C	1971 °F	1098 °C	2008 °F	Standard bisque / earthenware glaze
Cone 03	Low-Fire	1086 °C	1987 °F	1104 °C	2019 °F	1125 °C	2057 °F	—
Cone 02	Low-Fire	1101 °C	2014 °F	1120 °C	2048 °F	1142 °C	2088 °F	—
Cone 01	Low-Fire	1117 °C	2043 °F	1137 °C	2079 °F	1159 °C	2118 °F	—
Cone 1	Mid-Fire	1136 °C	2077 °F	1154 °C	2109 °F	1177 °C	2151 °F	—
Cone 2	Mid-Fire	1142 °C	2088 °F	1162 °C	2124 °F	1184 °C	2163 °F	—
Cone 3	Mid-Fire	1152 °C	2106 °F	1170 °C	2138 °F	1196 °C	2185 °F	—
Cone 4	Mid-Fire	1168 °C	2134 °F	1186 °C	2167 °F	1210 °C	2210 °F	—
Cone 5	Mid-Fire	1184 °C	2163 °F	1207 °C	2205 °F	1230 °C	2246 °F	Standard mid-fire stoneware
Cone 6	Mid-Fire	1222 °C	2232 °F	1243 °C	2269 °F	1261 °C	2302 °F	Most common commercial mid-fire
Cone 7	Mid-Fire	1240 °C	2264 °F	1257 °C	2295 °F	1277 °C	2331 °F	—
Cone 8	High-Fire	1249 °C	2280 °F	1271 °C	2320 °F	1290 °C	2354 °F	—
Cone 9	High-Fire	1260 °C	2300 °F	1280 °C	2336 °F	1300 °C	2372 °F	—
Cone 10	High-Fire	1285 °C	2345 °F	1305 °C	2381 °F	1320 °C	2408 °F	Standard reduction stoneware / porcelain
Cone 11	High-Fire	1297 °C	2367 °F	1315 °C	2399 °F	1335 °C	2435 °F	—
Cone 12	High-Fire	1306 °C	2383 °F	1326 °C	2419 °F	1346 °C	2455 °F	—
Cone 13	High-Fire	1321 °C	2410 °F	1341 °C	2446 °F	1362 °C	2484 °F	—
Cone 14	High-Fire	1341 °C	2446 °F	1366 °C	2491 °F	1388 °C	2530 °F	Industrial porcelain

Cone

Type

Slow Ramp (60°C/hr)

Medium Ramp (150°C/hr)

Fast Ramp (300°C/hr)

Common Use

Cone 022

Low-Fire

586 °C

600 °C

614 °C

Luster / decal firing

Cone 021

Low-Fire

600 °C

614 °C

628 °C

Overglaze decal

Cone 020

Low-Fire

625 °C

635 °C

650 °C

—

Cone 019

Low-Fire

668 °C

683 °C

698 °C

—

Cone 018

Low-Fire

717 °C

732 °C

752 °C

Glass fusing / luster

Cone 017

Low-Fire

747 °C

770 °C

792 °C

—

Cone 016

Low-Fire

775 °C

795 °C

816 °C

—

Cone 015

Low-Fire

795 °C

820 °C

843 °C

—

Cone 014

Low-Fire

830 °C

855 °C

878 °C

—

Cone 013

Low-Fire

850 °C

880 °C

902 °C

—

Cone 012

Low-Fire

875 °C

900 °C

922 °C

—

Cone 011

Low-Fire

890 °C

918 °C

940 °C

—

Cone 010

Low-Fire

894 °C

921 °C

945 °C

—

Cone 09

Low-Fire

923 °C

955 °C

980 °C

—

Cone 08

Low-Fire

942 °C

973 °C

998 °C

—

Cone 07

Low-Fire

970 °C

1002 °C

1025 °C

—

Cone 06

Low-Fire

999 °C

1011 °C

1031 °C

Standard earthenware / bisque

Cone 05

Low-Fire

1031 °C

1046 °C

1062 °C

Standard bisque

Cone 04

Low-Fire

1060 °C

1077 °C

1098 °C

Standard bisque / earthenware glaze

Cone 03

Low-Fire

1086 °C

1104 °C

1125 °C

—

Cone 02

Low-Fire

1101 °C

1120 °C

1142 °C

—

Cone 01

Low-Fire

1117 °C

1137 °C

1159 °C

—

Cone 1

Mid-Fire

1136 °C

1154 °C

1177 °C

—

Cone 2

Mid-Fire

1142 °C

1162 °C

1184 °C

—

Cone 3

Mid-Fire

1152 °C

1170 °C

1196 °C

—

Cone 4

Mid-Fire

1168 °C

1186 °C

1210 °C

—

Cone 5

Mid-Fire

1184 °C

1207 °C

1230 °C

Standard mid-fire stoneware

Cone 6

Mid-Fire

1222 °C

1243 °C

1261 °C

Most common commercial mid-fire

Cone 7

Mid-Fire

1240 °C

1257 °C

1277 °C

—

Cone 8

High-Fire

1249 °C

1271 °C

1290 °C

—

Cone 9

High-Fire

1260 °C

1280 °C

1300 °C

—

Cone 10

High-Fire

1285 °C

1305 °C

1320 °C

Standard reduction stoneware / porcelain

Cone 11

High-Fire

1297 °C

1315 °C

1335 °C

—

Cone 12

High-Fire

1306 °C

1326 °C

1346 °C

—

Cone 13

High-Fire

1321 °C

1341 °C

1362 °C

—

Cone 14

High-Fire

1341 °C

1366 °C

1388 °C

Industrial porcelain

Understanding pyrometric cones & heatwork

Pyrometric cones measure heatwork — the combined effect of temperature and time over a firing schedule. A kiln held at a lower temperature for a longer period accomplishes the same heatwork as a kiln brought quickly to a higher peak temperature.

Why heating rate changes cone temperature

Notice how Cone 6 bends at 1222°C during a slow 60°C/hr ramp, but requires 1261°C during a fast 300°C/hr ramp. Because pyrometric cones absorb heat over time, a faster heating rate requires a higher peak temperature to bend the cone to the 5 o'clock position.

Standard firing ranges

Low-Fire (Cone 022 – 01): Lusters, decals, glass fusing, and earthenware bisque/glaze firings (600°C – 1150°C).
Mid-Fire (Cone 1 – 7): Modern electric studio stoneware and porcelain (1150°C – 1260°C). Cone 5 and 6 are most common.
High-Fire (Cone 8 – 14): Classical reduction stoneware, salt/soda firings, and high-temperature porcelain (1260°C – 1380°C). Cone 10 is standard.

Understanding pyrometric cones & heatwork

Why heating rate changes cone temperature

Standard firing ranges

Kiln Firing Cost

Printable Shrinkage Ruler

Shrinkage Calculator

Size Before Firing

Measure Clay Shrinkage

Clay Shrinkage Chart